Keeping our children and youth safe is essential to their healthy development. Youth should be held accountable for their actions in developmentally appropriate ways that promote community safety and allow them to grow into responsible citizens. When youth act out they should be held accountable primarily by families, schools, and communities, avoiding contact with the juvenile justice system if at all possible. Youth entering and in the juvenile justice system are entitled to be safe and their rights must be respected. Retaining strong connections to family, community, and culture help youth thrive within the system. The juvenile justice system should be rehabilitative in nature and designed specifically for youth.
Arrests*
Youth Arrests by Ethnicity (2022)1
- Hispanic (22.0%)
- Non-Hispanic (78.0%)
- Hispanic (22.0%)
- Non-Hispanic (78.0%)
7,756 youths were arrested in 2022.2
*According to Crime Commission Data, the most common reason for youth arrests were Person crimes (29.9%).1
Number of youths arrested (2010-2022)2
Youth Arrests by Race (2022)2
- American Indian/Alaskan Native (2.2%)
- Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander (1.5%)
- Black, African-American (30.0%)
- White (66.3%)
- American Indian/Alaskan Native (2.2%)
- Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander (1.5%)
- Black, African-American (30.0%)
- White (66.3%)
1. Arrests by Jurisdiction, Race, Ethnicity, and Age, Nebraska Crime Commission Statistics.
2. Arrests by Arrest Offense and Arrestee Age, Nebraska Crime Statistics;
Douglas County Juvenile Justice Intiative.
Disproportionate Minority Contact
Disproportionate minority contact (DMC)
Despite the promise of equal protection under the law, national research shows that youth of color are overrepresented in the juvenile justice system. This overrepresentation often is a product of decisions made at early points of contact with the juvenile justice system. Where racial differences are found to exist, they tend to accumulate as youth are processed deeper into the system.1
Unfortunately, our juvenile justice system lacks uniform ways of collecting data on race and ethnicity. Although disparities exist across system points, different agencies have different ways of counting Hispanic youth in particular. Additional information on the race and ethnicity of youth arrested, on probation, and in adult prison are available elsewhere in this section.
1. “And Justice for Some: Differential Treatment of Youth of Color in the Juvenile Justice System,” National Council on Crime and Delinquency, (January 2007).
2. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Annual State Resident Population Estimates for 6 Race Groups (5 Race Alone Groups and Two or More Races) by Age,
Sex, and Hispanic Origin: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024.
3. Nebraska Juvenile Justice System, Statistical Annual Report April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022.
4. Analysis based on data from individual facilities including Lancaster County Detention Center, Northeast Nebraska Juvenile Services, and Douglas County Youth
Center. The Patrick J. Thomas Juvenile Justice Center was not included in this analysis due to the facilities’ different methods of measuring race and ethnicity.
5. Nebraska Crime Commission, Juvenile Diversion in Nebraska 2021 Annual Report.
6. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Juvenile Services Annual Legislative Report SFY 2022.
Pre-Trial Diversion
Juvenile diversion program
Pretrial diversion programs are based on the belief that many juvenile cases are better handled outside the courthouse doors. These voluntary programs are designed to provide eligible youth an opportunity to demonstrate rehabilitation and make things right with the community, while reducing the cost and burden to taxpayers and courts that come with formal charges being filed. By successfully completing his or her diversion plan, a minor has the opportunity to avoid formal charges in the court and get all record of the matter sealed. By diverting these cases from the court system, counties save significant dollars, making successful diversion programs a win-win.
3,841
youths were referred to the diversion program. 1
705
of those referred did not participate.1
2,307
youths successfully completed diversion.1
653
youth did not complete diversion successfully and were discharged for failing to comply or for a new law violation. 1
87
counties participated in the diversion program.1
2
tribes participated in the diversion program.1
Community-Based Juvenile Services Aid Program (2022) 2
170 programs in 80 counties and 0 tribe were funded through the Community-Based Juvenile Services Aid Program.
- 147 Direct Intervention
- 13 Prevention/Promotion Interventions
- 3 Direct Service Programs
- 18 System Improvement Programs.
Juvenile Court Cases
Source: Nebraska Juvenile Justice System, Statistical Annual Report 2022.
Access to counsel
Juvenile access to counsel
Having an attorney present during proceedings in the juvenile justice system is not only important for youth, but a guaranteed constitutional right. The right to counsel is also enshrined in Nebraska statute 43-272(1). The law is meant to protect children at every stage of legal proceedings, and requires the court to advise youth, along with their parents, of their right to an attorney and that legal counsel can be provided at no cost if they are unable to afford it. Unfortunately, all too frequently youth are not accessing this important protection.
46.0% of children in adult criminal court had an attorney in 2022.
77.3% of children in juvenile court had an attorney in 2022.
Probation
In 2022, 3,773 youths were supervised on probation –
• 596 had felony offenses
• 2,539 had misdemeanor, infraction, traffic, or city ordinance offenses
• 638 had status offenses
• 2,011 were discharged
Youth in out-of-home care
1,334 youth supervised on probation were placed in out-of-home care. The mean length of time in out-ofhome care was 2.6 months.
*If a youth had an offense in more than one adjudication type they will be counted by the youth’s highest or most serious offense.
Detention
*Includes secure and staff-secure detention.
** For Lancaster County Detention Center and Douglas County Youth Center, if the same youth
is admitted under different ages during the year, they will count under each age group.
YRTCs & room confinement
YRTC admissions (2010-2022)1
- Males
- Females
- Males
- Females
Research associates room confinement with serious consequences for mental and physical health including: – “Increased risk of self-harm and suicidal ideation; – Greater anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, paranoia, and aggression; – Exacerbation of the on-set of pre-existing mental illness and trauma symptoms; and, – Increased risk of cardiovascular related health problems.”³ Regulations, policies, and practices on when, how, and why juvenile room confinement is used differ among types of facilities. Room confinement should be used as the absolute last resort and only in cases of threats of safety to the individual or other residents and only after other interventions have failed. Room confinement should be time limited; the youth should be released as soon as they are safely able and should never last longer than 24 hours. During confinement, the youth should be closely monitored and seen by mental health professionals. All instances of room confinement should be recorded and reviewed.²
1. Office of Juvenile Services, Annual Legislative Report SFY 2022.
2. Haney, C. The Psychological Impact of Incarceration on Post-prison Adjustment. Prison to Home: The Effect of Incarceration and Reentry on Children, Families, and Communities, 2001.
Youth Treated as Adults
An age-appropriate response
Research consistently indicates that treating children as adults neither acts as a deterrent, nor does it prevent crime or reduce violence – instead, prosecution in adult court exposes youth to more risks, delays or prevents treatment, and can burden them with permanent records which may act as barriers to future education and employment opportunities. Nebraska law requires that all children age 17 or younger charged with a misdemeanor or low-level felony must have their cases originate in juvenile court. This means that many more children are now receiving the benefit of speedy access to treatment services, a developmentally-appropriate court process aimed at rehabilitation, and the potential to have their records sealed to set them up for a brighter future.
In 2022, 220 youth cases were prosecuted in Nebraska adult courts, down from 2,019 in 2014.
A motion to transfer from juvenile court to adult court was requested in 44 cases and granted in 4.
Adult court had 105 motions to transfer to juvenile court filed, and 89 cases transferred to juvenile court.
Youth incarcerated in correctional facilities by race/ethnicity (2022)2
- American Indian
- Asian
- Black/African American
- Hispanic
- Other/Unknown
- White, Non-Hispanic
- American Indian
- Asian
- Black/African American
- Hispanic
- Other/Unknown
- White, Non-Hispanic
1. Nebraska Judicial Branch, Juvenile Justice System Statistical Annual Report 2022.
2. Nebraska Department of Correctional Services.